One of the biggest challenges when dealing with the security and encryption for a system, is the determination of the correct ciphering paradigm. In .NET, there is a copious amount of libraries available for use in the System.Cryptography namespace. A significant amount of these libraries have been deprecated, usually, due to vulnerabilities being subsequently exposed, so it is very easy to use something that may be as watertight as a sieve.
This is further compounded by the fact that the cryptography API’s are very detailed and low level – they are not easy to use for a novice – the consequences of setting a single parameter incorrectly results in a security implementation that may as well not exist. Consequently, it is imperative that this subject never be approached in a typical agile/sprint manner – security should definitely be approached using a waterfall model. Have no hesitation to advise any manager or architect that your solution “will be ready, when it is ready”. The agile methodology is typically about adding units of functionality in a YAGNI way, accruing technical debt that can be paid back later, and refactoring applied, this just simply not a correct or acceptable approach when dealing with the security of a system. Do ensure you take the time to do a lot of research, understanding the pitfalls of various implementations is vital to a robust security implementation.
The abundance of so many different types of cryptography, implemented using Symmetric (same key is used to encrypt and decrypt) and Asymmetric (public key and private key used to encrypt and decrypt) algorithms has necessitated that Governments try and standardise implementations across departments, sites and even countries. The AES was released in 2001 as a replacement for the Data Encryption Standard (DES) which had been found to be susceptible to backdoors. This new standard has been widely adopted in commercial environments, as it had a requirement to be able to protect information for a minimum of 20 years or 30 years.
A number of papers were submitted in the application process for the AES by various academic institutions, with the winning cipher named Rijndael (pronounced rain-dahl) a play on the names of the authors of the paper, Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen (paper available here). I am sure you will agree that comprehension and implementation of the paper is better suited to domain experts. The algorithm was written by two gifted PhD calibre researchers, so your time as a developer is better suited to try and resolve the domain problems that your business is trying to solve (unless you are a cryptographer of course). You can be sure that researchers at Microsoft have done all the time consuming work of implementing and testing the algorithm, rather than to trying to implement the Rijndael Block Cipher yourself.
To this end, Microsoft have implemented the Rijndael Block Cipher in two in .NET classes which, incidentally, both inherit from the SymmetricAlgorithm abstract base class
Unlike some of the asymmetric implementations by Microsoft, the AES implementation allows you to work at a very high level of abstraction, reducing the amount of parameters you have to configure, hence the scope for error. I have created a class that allows you to encrypt and decrypt strings (your password), and then use this to encrypt a files from anywhere on your machine.
Thus far, the only way this algorithm can be broken is by using a technique known as brute force. This is done by a supercomputer(s) trying every known word in a language, and various password to try and generate the correct password. Typically, these types of programs run over weeks or even months, but can be increased to millennia if the end user chooses a strong password to begin with, which is why having a well defined password policy is vital.
using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Text;
namespace AesApp.Rijndael
{
internal sealed class Cryptology
{
private const string Salt = "d5fg4df5sg4ds5fg45sdfg4";
private const int SizeOfBuffer = 1024*8;
internal static byte[] EncryptStringToBytes(string plainText, byte[] key, byte[] iv)
{
// Check arguments.
if (plainText == null || plainText.Length <= 0)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException("plainText");
}
if (key == null || key.Length <= 0)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException("key");
}
if (iv == null || iv.Length <= 0)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException("key");
}
byte[] encrypted;
// Create an RijndaelManaged object
// with the specified key and IV.
using (var rijAlg = new RijndaelManaged())
{
rijAlg.Key = key;
rijAlg.IV = iv;
// Create a decrytor to perform the stream transform.
ICryptoTransform encryptor = rijAlg.CreateEncryptor(rijAlg.Key, rijAlg.IV);
// Create the streams used for encryption.
using (var msEncrypt = new MemoryStream())
{
using (var csEncrypt = new CryptoStream(msEncrypt, encryptor, CryptoStreamMode.Write))
{
using (var swEncrypt = new StreamWriter(csEncrypt))
{
//Write all data to the stream.
swEncrypt.Write(plainText);
}
encrypted = msEncrypt.ToArray();
}
}
}
// Return the encrypted bytes from the memory stream.
return encrypted;
}
internal static string DecryptStringFromBytes(byte[] cipherText, byte[] key, byte[] iv)
{
// Check arguments.
if (cipherText == null || cipherText.Length <= 0)
throw new ArgumentNullException("cipherText");
if (key == null || key.Length <= 0)
throw new ArgumentNullException("key");
if (iv == null || iv.Length <= 0)
throw new ArgumentNullException("key");
// Declare the string used to hold
// the decrypted text.
string plaintext;
// Create an RijndaelManaged object
// with the specified key and IV.
using (var rijAlg = new RijndaelManaged())
{
rijAlg.Key = key;
rijAlg.IV = iv;
// Create a decrytor to perform the stream transform.
ICryptoTransform decryptor = rijAlg.CreateDecryptor(rijAlg.Key, rijAlg.IV);
// Create the streams used for decryption.
using (var msDecrypt = new MemoryStream(cipherText))
{
using (var csDecrypt = new CryptoStream(msDecrypt, decryptor, CryptoStreamMode.Read))
{
using (var srDecrypt = new StreamReader(csDecrypt))
{
// Read the decrypted bytes from the decrypting stream
// and place them in a string.
plaintext = srDecrypt.ReadToEnd();
}
}
}
}
return plaintext;
}
internal static void EncryptFile(string inputPath, string outputPath, string password)
{
var input = new FileStream(inputPath, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read);
var output = new FileStream(outputPath, FileMode.OpenOrCreate, FileAccess.Write);
// Essentially, if you want to use RijndaelManaged as AES you need to make sure that:
// 1.The block size is set to 128 bits
// 2.You are not using CFB mode, or if you are the feedback size is also 128 bits
var algorithm = new RijndaelManaged {KeySize = 256, BlockSize = 128};
var key = new Rfc2898DeriveBytes(password, Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(Salt));
algorithm.Key = key.GetBytes(algorithm.KeySize/8);
algorithm.IV = key.GetBytes(algorithm.BlockSize/8);
using (var encryptedStream = new CryptoStream(output, algorithm.CreateEncryptor(), CryptoStreamMode.Write))
{
CopyStream(input, encryptedStream);
}
}
internal static void DecryptFile(string inputPath, string outputPath, string password)
{
var input = new FileStream(inputPath, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read);
var output = new FileStream(outputPath, FileMode.OpenOrCreate, FileAccess.Write);
// Essentially, if you want to use RijndaelManaged as AES you need to make sure that:
// 1.The block size is set to 128 bits
// 2.You are not using CFB mode, or if you are the feedback size is also 128 bits
var algorithm = new RijndaelManaged {KeySize = 256, BlockSize = 128};
var key = new Rfc2898DeriveBytes(password, Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(Salt));
algorithm.Key = key.GetBytes(algorithm.KeySize/8);
algorithm.IV = key.GetBytes(algorithm.BlockSize/8);
try
{
using (var decryptedStream = new CryptoStream(output, algorithm.CreateDecryptor(), CryptoStreamMode.Write))
{
CopyStream(input, decryptedStream);
}
}
catch (CryptographicException)
{
throw new InvalidDataException("Please supply a correct password");
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
throw new Exception(ex.Message);
}
}
private static void CopyStream(Stream input, Stream output)
{
using (output)
using (input)
{
byte[] buffer = new byte[SizeOfBuffer];
int read;
while ((read = input.Read(buffer, 0, buffer.Length)) > 0)
{
output.Write(buffer, 0, read);
}
}
}
}
}
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